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- _____________________________________________________________
-
- GUIDE TO (mostly) HARMLESS HACKING
-
- Vol. 2 Number 2
-
- Linux!
- ______________________________________________________________
-
- Unix has become the primo operating system of the Internet. In fact,
- Unix is the most widely used operating system in the world among computers
- with more power than PCs.
- True, Windows NT is coming up fast as a common Internet operating system,
- and is sooo wonderfully buggy that it looks like it could become the number
- one favorite to crack into. But today Unix in all its wonderful flavors
- still is the operating system to know in order to be a truly elite hacker.
-
- So far we have assumed that you have been hacking using a shell
- account that you get through your Internet Service Provider (ISP). A shell
- account allows you to give Unix commands on one of your ISP's computers. But
- you don't need to depend on your ISP for a machine that lets you play with
- Unix. You can run Unix on your own computer and with a SLIP or PPP
- connection be directly connected to the Internet.
-
- ***********************
- Newbie note: Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP) and Point-to-Point
- Protocol (PPP) connections give you a temporary Internet Protocol (IP)
- address that allows you to be hooked directly to the Internet. You have to
- use either SLIP or PPP connections to get to use a Web browser that gives
- you pictures instead on text only. So if you can see pictures on the Web,
- you already have one of these available to you.
-
- The advantage of using one of these direct connections for your
- hacking activities is that you will not leave behind a shell log file for
- your ISP's sysadmin to pore over. Even if you are not breaking the law, a
- shell log file that shows you doing lots of hackerish stuph can be enough
- for some sysadmins to summarily close your account.
- ********************
-
- What is the best kind of computer to run Unix on? Unless you are a
- wealthy hacker who thinks nothing of buying a Sun SPARC workstation, you'll
- probably do best with some sort of PC. There are almost countless variants
- of Unix that run on PCs. Most of them are free for download, or
- inexpensively available on CD-ROMs.
-
- The three primary variations of Unix that run on PCs are Sun's
- Solaris, FreeBSD and Linux. Solaris costs around $700. Enough said. FreeBSD
- is really, really good but doesn't offer a lot of support. Linux, however,
- has the advantage of being available in many variants (so you can have fun
- mixing and matching programs from different Linux offerings). Most
- importantly, Linux is supported by many news groups, mail lists and Web
- sites. If you have hacker friends in your area, most of them probably use
- Linux and can help you out.
-
- *********************
- Historical note: Linux was created in 1991 by a group led by Linus Torvalds
- of the University of Helsinki. Linux is copyrighted under the GNU General
- Public License. Under this agreement, Linux may be redistributed to anyone
- along with the source code. Anyone can sell any variant of Linux and modify
- it and repackage it. But even if someone modifies the source code he or she
- may not claim copyright for anything created from Linux. Anyone who sells a
- modified version of Linux must provide source code to the buyers and allow
- them to reuse it in their commercial products without charging licensing
- fees. This arrangement is known as a "copyleft."
-
- Under this arrangement the original creators of Linux receive no
- licensing or shareware fees. Linus Torvalds and the many others who have
- contributed to Linux have done so from the joy of programming and a sense of
- community with all of us who will hopefully use Linux in the spirit of good
- guy hacking. Viva la Linux! Viva Torvalds!
- **********************
-
- Linux consists of the operating system itself (called the "kernel")
- plus a set of associated programs.
-
- The kernel, like all types of Unix, is a multitasking, multi-user
- operating system. Although it uses a different file structure, and hence is
- not directly compatible with DOS and Windows, it is so flexible that many
- DOS and Windows programs can be run while in Linux. So a power user will
- probably want to boot up in Linux and then be able to run DOS and Windows
- programs from Linux.
-
- Associated programs that come with most Linux distributions may include:
- * a shell program (Bourne Again Shell -- BASH -- is most common);
- * compilers for programming languages such as Fortran-77 (my favorite!), C,
- C++, Pascal, LISP, Modula-2, Ada, Basic (the best language for a beginner),
- and Smalltalk.;
- * X (sometimes called X-windows), a graphical user interface
- * utility programs such as the email reader Pine (my favorite) and Elm
-
- Top ten reasons to install Linux on your PC:
- 1. When Linux is outlawed, only outlaws will own Linux.
- 2. When installing Linux, it is so much fun to run fdisk without backing up
- first.
- 3. The flames you get from asking questions on Linux newsgroups are of a
- higher quality than the flames you get for posting to alt.sex.bestiality.
- 4. No matter what flavor of Linux you install, you'll find out tomorrow
- there was a far more 3l1te version you should have gotten instead.
- 5. People who use Free BSD or Solaris will not make fun of you. They will
- offer their sympathy instead.
- 6. At the next Def Con you'll be able to say stuph like "so then I su-ed to
- his account and grepped all his files for 'kissyface'." Oops, grepping
- other people's files is a no-no, forget I ever suggested it.
- 7. Port surf in privacy.
- 8. One word: scripts.
- 9. Installing Linux on your office PC is like being a postal worker and
- bringing an Uzi to work.
- 10. But - - if you install Linux on your office computer, you boss won't
- have a clue what that means.
-
- What types of Linux work best? It depends on what you really want.
- Redhat Linux is famed for being the easiest to install. The Walnut Creek
- Linux 3.0 CD-ROM set is also really easy to install -- for Linux, that is!
- My approach has been to get lots of Linux versions and mix and match the
- best from each distribution.
-
- I like the Walnut Creek version best because with my brand X
- hardware, its autodetection feature was a life-saver.
-
- INSTALLING LINUX is not for the faint of heart! Several tips for
- surviving installation are:
-
- 1) Although you in theory can run Linux on a 286 with 4 MB RAM and two
- floppy drives, it is *much* easier with a 486 or above with 8 MB RAM, a
- CD-ROM, and at least 200 MB free hard disk space.
-
- 2) Know as much as possible about what type of mother board, modem, hard
- disk, CD-ROM, and video card you have. If you have any documentation for
- these, have them on hand to reference during installation.
-
- 3) It works better to use hardware that is name-brand and somewhat out of
- date on your computer. Because Linux is freeware, it doesn't offer device
- drivers for all the latest hardware. And if your hardware is like mine --
- lots of Brand X and El Cheapo stuph, you can take a long time experimenting
- with what drivers will work.
-
- 4) Before beginning installation, back up your hard disk(s)! In theory you
- can install Linux without harming your DOS/Windows files. But we are all
- human, especially if following the advice of 3).
-
- 5) Get more than one Linux distribution. The first time I successfully
- installed Linux, I finally hit on something that worked by using the boot
- disk from one distribution with the CD-ROM for another. In any case, each
- Linux distribution had different utility programs, operating system
- emulators, compilers and more. Add them all to your system and you will be
- set up to become beyond elite.
-
- 6) Buy a book or two or three on Linux. I didn't like any of them! But they
- are better than nothing. Most books on Linux come with one or two CD-ROMs
- that can be used to install Linux. But I found that what was in the books
- did not exactly coincide with what was on the CD-ROMs.
-
- 7) I recommend drinking while installing. It may not make debugging go any
- faster, but at least you won't care how hard it is.
-
- Now I can almost guarantee that even following all these 6 pieces of
- advice, you will still have problems installing Linux. Oh, do I have 7
- advisories up there? Forget number 7. But be of good cheer, since everyone
- else also suffers mightily when installing and using Linux, the Internet has
- an incredible wealth of resources for the Linux-challenged.
-
- If you are allergic to getting flamed, you can start out with Linux
- support Web sites.
-
- The best I have found is http://sunsite.unc.edu:/pub/Linux/. It
- includes the Linux Frequently Asked Questions list (FAQ), available from
- sunsite.unc.edu:/pub/Linux/docs/FAQ.
-
- In the directory /pub/Linux/docs on sunsite.unc.edu you'll find a
- number of other documents about Linux, including the Linux INFO-SHEET and
- META-FAQ,
-
- The Linux HOWTO archive is on sunsite.unc.edu:/pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO.
- The directory /pub/Linux/docs/LDP on sunsite.unc.edu contains the current
- set of LDP manuals.
-
- You can get ``Linux Installation and Getting Started'' from
- sunsite.unc.edu in /pub/Linux/docs/LDP/install-guide. The README file
- there describes how you can order a printed copy of the book of the same
- name (about 180 pages).
-
- Now if you don't mind getting flamed, you may want to post questions
- to the amazing number of Usenet news groups that cover Linux. These include:
-
- comp.os.linux.advocacy Benefits of Linux compared
- comp.os.linux.development.system Linux kernels, device drivers
- comp.os.linux.x Linux X Window System servers
- comp.os.linux.development.apps Writing Linux applications
- comp.os.linux.hardware Hardware compatibility
- comp.os.linux.setup Linux installation
- comp.os.linux.networking Networking and communications
- comp.os.linux.answers FAQs, How-To's, READMEs, etc.
- linux.redhat.misc
- alt.os.linux Use comp.os.linux.* instead
- alt.uu.comp.os.linux.questions Usenet University helps you
- comp.os.linux.announce Announcements important to Linux
- comp.os.linux.misc Linux-specific topics
-
- Tobin Fricke has also pointed out that "free copies of Linux CD-ROMs
- are available the Linux Support & CD Givaway web site at
- http://emile.math.ucsb.edu:8000/giveaway.html. This is a project where
- people donate Linux CD's that they don't need any more. The project was
- seeded by Linux Systems Labs, who donated 800 Linux CDs initially! Please
- remember to donate your Linux CD's when you are done with them. If you live
- near a computer swap meet, Fry's, Microcenter, or other such place, look for
- Linux CD's there. They are usually under $20, which is an excellent
- investment. I personally like the Linux Developer's Resource by Infomagic,
- which is now up to a seven CD set, I believe, which includes all major Linux
- distributions (Slackware, Redhat, Debian, Linux for DEC Alpha to name a few)
- plus mirrors of tsx11.mit.edu and sunsite.unc.edu/pub/linux plus much more.
- You should also visit the WONDERFUL linux page at
- http://sunsite.unc.edu/linux, which has tons of information, as well as the
- http://www.linux.org/. You might also want to check out
- http://www.redhat.com/ and http://www.caldera.com/ for more information on
- commercial versions of linux (which are still freely available under GNU)."
-
- How about Linux security? Yes, Linux, like every operating system,
- is imperfect. Eminently hackable, if you really want to know. So if you want
- to find out how to secure your Linux system, or if you should come across
- one of the many ISPs that use Linux and want to go exploring (oops, forget I
- wrote that), here's where you can go for info:
-
- ftp://info.cert.org/pub/cert_advisories/CA-94:01.network.monitoring.attacks
- ftp://info.cert.org/pub/tech_tips/root_compromise
- http://bach.cis.temple.edu/linux/linux-security/
-
- Last but not least, if you want to ask Linux questions on the Happy
- Hacker list, you're welcome. We may be the blind leading the blind, but what
- the heck!
-
- _________________________________________________________
- Want to see back issues of Guide to (mostly) Harmless Hacking? See
- http://www.feist.com/~tqdb/evis-unv.html. Want to subscribe to this list?
- Email majordomo@edm.net with the message "subscribe happyhacker." Want to
- share some kewl stuph with the Happy Hacker list? Send your messages to
- hh@edm.net. To send me confidential email (please, no discussions of
- illegal activities) use cmeinel@techbroker.com. Please direct flames to
- dev/null@techbroker.com. Happy hacking!
-
- Copyright 1996 Carolyn P. Meinel. You may forward the GUIDE TO (mostly)
- HARMLESS HACKING as long as you leave this notice at the end..
- ________________________________________________________
-
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- Carolyn Meinel
- M/B Research -- The Technology Brokers